Unit - II
Relation algebra and calculus. SQL queries, constraints, triggers. The form of basic SQL queries - Union - Intersect and Except - Nested queries - Aggregated operators - Null values - Triggers and active data base.
Unit - III
Schema refinement and normal forms - Security and authorization. Introduction to data base security - Access control - Discretionary access control - Mandatory access control - Security for internet applications - N/W and hierarchical model.
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